Food poisoning from toxic plants and animals

作者：admin  点击次数：7  发布时间：2025-05-09

1. Poisonous mushroom poisoning
(-) Etiology
Mushrooms, also known as mushrooms, belong to fungal plants, and their fruiting bodies are usually visible to the naked eye. Poisonous refers to the species that can cause food poisoning after eating. Among the grasses that have been identified in my country, 300 species are edible, about 100 species are poisonous, and more than 20 species are life-threatening. Among them, about 10 species are highly toxic and can cause death: brown-scaled ring-shaped mushrooms, fleshy brown-scaled ring-shaped mushrooms, white poisonous mushrooms, scale-shaped white poisonous mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms, autumn helmet spore mushrooms, deer flower mushrooms, black-footed umbrellas, poisonous powder-flake mushrooms, and residual-stalked poisonous mushrooms. The toxic components contained in poisonous mushrooms are very complex. One poison can contain several toxins, and one toxin can exist in several poisonous mushrooms. Poisoning by poisonous mushrooms often occurs in the hot and rainy summer and autumn seasons. People often mistake poisonous mushrooms for non-toxic mushrooms when picking wild fresh mushrooms but lack the experience to identify poisonous and non-toxic mushrooms. Children are especially prone to mistakenly picking poisonous mushrooms for consumption.
(II) Toxins of poisonous mushrooms and symptoms of poisoning
There are many types of poisonous mushrooms, and their toxic components and symptoms of poisoning are different. Therefore, according to the clinical manifestations of the toxic components contained, they can generally be divided into the following types.
1. Gastrointestinal toxicity type
The gastrointestinal toxicity type is caused by the accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms containing gastrointestinal toxins, and the symptoms are often mainly gastroenteritis. The incubation period of poisoning is relatively short, generally 0.5~6h. The main symptoms are severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and low body temperature. The course of the disease is short, and it can generally recover quickly after appropriate symptomatic treatment. The course of the disease is 2~3d, and the mortality rate is low. The representative toxins that cause this type of poisoning are certain grass species of the genera Amanita and Lactarius, and the toxins may be resin-like substances (resinlike).
2. Neurological and psychiatric type
This type is caused by the accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria and Amanita phalloides. The poison that causes this type of poisoning contains toxins that cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. The incubation period of this type of poisoning is 1~6h. In addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, clinical manifestations include parasympathetic nervous system excitement symptoms, such as sweating, salivation, tearing, sweating, pupil constriction, slow pulse, etc. A few patients with severe conditions may experience delirium, mental confusion, visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, laughter, unstable movements, impaired consciousness, and other symptoms. There may also be symptoms such as dilated pupils, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature. If poisoning is caused by the accidental ingestion of certain poisonous mushrooms in the genus Boletus, there is also a unique "Lilliputian hallucination", in which patients can see a one-foot-tall, brightly dressed little man running in front of their eyes. Symptoms can be quickly relieved after timely treatment. The course of the disease is generally 1~2 days, and the mortality rate is low. The toxins that cause this type of poisoning are mainly: (1) Muscatin is an alkaloid that is soluble in alcohol and water but insoluble in ether. It exists in Amanita muscaria, Amanita phalloides, Clitocybe and Amanita leopardii. These mushrooms grow in many provinces and cities in northern my country.
(2) Ibotenic acid and its derivatives Some poisonous mushrooms of the genus Amanita muscaria contain such substances. This toxin can cause hallucinations, confusion of color and position sense, and blurred vision.
(3) Psilocybin and psilocin exist in Psilocybin and Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Generally, ingestion of 1 to 3 grams of dried mushrooms can cause poisoning. This toxin can cause hallucinations, changes in hearing and taste, abnormal voice, and irritability. (4) Hallucinogens are mainly found in the orange-yellow gymnospermum, which grows in Heilongjiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places in my country. Hallucinations occur 15 minutes after ingestion of this grass, manifested as blurred vision, feeling that the room has become smaller, strange colors, dancing, etc., and recovery can be achieved after a few hours.
3. Hemolytic type
This type of poisoning is caused by accidentally eating deer grass. Its toxin is gyromitrin, which is a methylamine compound with a strong hemolytic effect. It can destroy red blood cells and cause anemia, jaundice, hematuria, liver enlargement, and severe life-threatening. This toxin is volatile, unstable to alkali, and soluble in hot water. The incubation period of this type of poisoning is generally 6 to 12 hours. Hemolytic jaundice and liver enlargement often appear after symptoms of gastroenteritis. A few patients have proteinuria, and sometimes kidney damage occurs after hemolysis. Severe poisoning cases may die from liver and kidney damage and heart failure.
4. Organ damage type
This type of poisoning is the most serious and is caused by the accidental ingestion of Amanita phalloides, Amanita phalloides, Amanita phalloides, etc. The main components are peptides (phallotoxins) and a-maniloxins, which are present in Amanita phalloides, Amanita muscaria, and Amanita fasciata. This type of toxin is highly toxic, with a lethal dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight for humans, and can cause cell degeneration in most organs in the body. 50g of fresh mushrooms containing this toxin can kill an adult, almost without exception. If poisoning is not treated in time, the mortality rate is very high, reaching 50%~60%, among which Amanita phalloides poisoning can reach 90%. The manifestations of organ damage type poisoning are very complex and are divided into 6 stages according to the course of the disease.
(1) Incubation period This type of poisoning has a long incubation period, generally 10~24 hours, and the length of this period is related to the severity of the poisoning.
(2) Gastroenteritis stage Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, watery stools, accompanied by dizziness, headache, general fatigue, etc., usually relieved in 1~2 days.
(3) False recovery stage After the symptoms of gastroenteritis are relieved, the patient has no symptoms or feels mild fatigue, but his spirit suddenly improves, and he feels relaxed as usual, giving people the illusion of false recovery. In fact, the toxic peptide has entered the internal organs and liver damage has begun. Mildly poisoned patients do not have serious liver damage, and they can enter the recovery stage at this stage. Most patients enter the organ damage stage after a 18~48h false recovery period.
(4) Organ damage stage Severely poisoned patients will develop substantial organ damage to the liver, kidney, brain, heart, etc. 2~3 days after the onset of the disease, with liver damage being the most serious. Hepatomegaly, jaundice, abnormal liver function may occur, and in severe cases, liver necrosis and hepatic coma may occur. Kidney damage may cause oliguria, anuria or hematuria, and even uremia and renal failure.
(5) Psychiatric symptom stage This stage may occur if the disease continues to progress. The patient will show delirium, restlessness, apathy, and drowsiness, followed by convulsions, coma, and even death (some patients will immediately become irritable, convulsed, and coma after the gastroenteritis stage, but there is no hepatomegaly or jaundice, which is a toxic encephalopathy). (6) Recovery stage After timely treatment, the patient will enter the recovery stage after 2 to 3 weeks, and all symptoms will improve and heal. 5. Photoallergic dermatitis type
Due to ingestion of a plastic gyro (pig's mouth)