Fusarium head blight poisoning

作者：admin  点击次数：10  发布时间：2025-05-07

Wheat infected with fusarium fusarium is called fusarium fusarium wheat, also known as coma wheat. Fusarium fusarium is a worldwide disease caused by the infection of wheat, corn and other grains by Fusarium species. The prevalence of fusarium fusarium fusarium not only causes serious production reduction, but also the toxic metabolites of Fusarium fusarium in the grains can cause poisoning in humans and animals. Wheat fusarium fusarium fusarium occurs every year. In my country, there is an epidemic of wheat fusarium fusarium fusarium every 3 to 4 years. Every time there is an epidemic, there is food poisoning in humans and animals. It usually occurs after eating diseased new wheat after wheat harvest. There are also poisoning caused by eating stored fusarium fusarium fusarium or moldy corn. (I) Pathogenesis The pathogen of red group wheat belongs to the genus Fusarium. According to foreign reports, the main pathogens are Fusarium graminea-ru, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium nivale, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium monilirme, etc., while the main pathogen reported in China is Fusarium graminea, accounting for 94.5%. Fusarium graminea is most suitable for reproduction on grains when the temperature is 16~24℃ and the humidity is 85%. When wheat, barley, and wheat are heading and filling in the field, red disease can occur if the conditions are right. Corn, rice, and sweet crops can also occur. In addition, although grains are not infected by Fusarium during the growth process, if they are not properly stored after harvest, they can also cause infection, reproduction, and toxin production when they encounter Fusarium graminea.
Diseased wheat with fusarium scab is different from normal wheat grains in appearance. The skin is wrinkled, grayish white and dull, the grains are not full, and they are easy to break into powder; the affected wheat grains may also appear light pink or dark pink, and some may form red spots. When the detection rate of fusarium scab wheat is 3%~6%, people are prone to food poisoning after eating it. As long as the toxins in flour made from fusarium scab reach a certain amount, no matter what kind of flour products are made or what cooking methods are used, food poisoning may occur after eating.
In recent years, it is known that Fusarium that can cause fusarium scab in wheat or corn can produce two major types of mycotoxins: one is trichothecenes, which have a vomiting effect; the toxin is heat-resistant and can only be destroyed at 110℃ and 1h. The other is zearalenone, which has estrogen effects. Fusarium scab poisoning is caused by trichothecenes and has nothing to do with zearalenone.
Food poisoning from fusarium scab can occur all year round, but is more common during the wheat harvest season. The disease is serious in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the winter wheat area in South China, and the eastern part of the spring wheat area in Northeast my country. The disease causes a 10% to 15% yield loss throughout the year, and the yield reduction is nearly 50% in epidemic years. In recent years, the occurrence of fusarium head blight in the Huanghuai wheat area has become increasingly serious. At present, the area of ​​wheat fusarium head blight has reached 1/4 of the total wheat planting area in the country. Shaanxi Province has experienced several moderate and above epidemics since the 1970s. The annual disease area in the old irrigation area of ​​the river channel is more than 200,000 hm'. In the epidemic year, it spread throughout the Guanzhong wheat area, and the disease area can reach more than 500,000 hm'. Fusarium head blight not only causes a significant reduction in production, but also because the diseased grains contain a variety of toxins such as deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone, it will cause harm to humans and animals, thus losing its application value.
(II) Poisoning manifestations Characteristics of food poisoning caused by fusarium head blight: acute onset, mild symptoms, short course, and spontaneous recovery. The incubation period is 10-15 minutes for the shortest, 4-7 hours for the longest, and generally 0.5-1 hour. The main symptoms are: stomach discomfort and nausea at the beginning, followed by obvious vomiting, dizziness, headache, weakness, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms. Those with mild poisoning generally return to normal about 2 hours after vomiting, but still have general discomfort and fatigue. The elderly, the young, the weak or those who eat a lot have more severe symptoms, which may include sore limbs, palpitations, rapid breathing, facial flushing, unstable gait, and a drunken appearance, so it is called "drunk grain disease". Some patients have slightly elevated body temperature and pulse. Symptoms generally last about 1 day, and disappear on their own in about a week for the slow ones, with a good prognosis. No deaths have been found. Generally, no treatment is required and it can heal on its own. Those with severe vomiting can be rehydrated. The incidence of this poisoning is 33%-79%. (III) Prevention
The key to preventing grain poisoning caused by fusarium smut is to prevent wheat, corn and other grains from being infected and toxin-producing by mold. The main measures are:
1. Prevent pollution. Strengthen antibacterial measures in the field and during storage, including the selection of mildew-resistant varieties; lower the field water level and improve the field microclimate; use high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue fungicides; timely threshing and drying to reduce the moisture content of grains to a safe level; stored grains should be frequently turned and dried, and ventilation should be paid attention to. Promote grain varieties that are resistant to ergot, shed in time after harvest, sun-dried or baked, and stored in a dry and ventilated place. Use the separation method to separate good wheat from diseased wheat, burn the diseased wheat in a centralized manner, and dry the good wheat in the sun to control the moisture content to 11%~13% to prevent continued mildew and mutual infection. The diseased grain rate must be reduced to less than 1% before it can be eaten.
2. Reduce or remove wheat grains and toxins caused by ergot disease
(1) Separation of diseased wheat Since diseased wheat is lighter, it can be separated from normal wheat grains by air separation and water separation.
(2) Dilution treatment. Mix normal wheat grains with diseased wheat to dilute the diseased wheat and reduce the proportion of diseased wheat. The detection rate of diseased wheat should be reduced to below 1% before it is safe.
(3) Appropriate rolling. Diseased wheat toxins are mostly concentrated in the outer layer of wheat grains. Appropriate processing to remove part of the outer layer can reduce the toxin content.
(4) Change the food processing method. Fusarium smut toxins are heat-stable and cannot be destroyed by general processing methods. Diseased wheat can be made into fermented foods, such as vinegar and soy sauce. Severely infected wheat can be made into industrial starch or industrial alcohol, but cannot be used as feed.
(5) All wheat infected with Fusarium smut should be stopped from being consumed, and grain departments are prohibited from purchasing it for human storage.
3. To popularize relevant knowledge among the public, formulate limit standards for Fusarium smut toxins in grains, and strengthen grain hygiene management. Because some people have a weak awareness of health care and have bad eating habits, they know that the food is moldy but do not treat it and eat it without treatment. This is one of the reasons for long-term and large-scale food poisoning. The difference in population distribution is mainly related to the amount of food intake. Due to the vigorous metabolism required for growth and development, adolescents consume the most food compared to middle-aged and elderly people. In addition, males eat more than females. Therefore, there is a distribution difference in poisoning, with children and adolescents being more serious than the elderly, and males being more serious than females.